In ancient Greek theater, masks and costumes were more than just clothing and props — they were tools that helped tell the story and bring characters to life. They were important theatrical conventions to aid audiences in understanding and enjoying the performances.

Masks served a few purposes in Greek theater. There weren’t many actors and the masks allowed the same person to play many parts. That being the case, that one person was playing many parts, the masks helped clearly distinguish the characters. The masks could also clearly show emotion to a large audience. And they even served the practical purpose of amplifying the actor’s voice, helping them be heard by everyone in the theater.

Masks were made by craftsmen using materials like linen, wood, cork, and plaster to build masks that were lightweight yet noticeable. Artists painted masks with bright colors and added hair or beards to make them more realistic or symbolic. Colors and shapes often gave extra clues — for example, lighter colors for youth and darker tones for mourning.

As for costumes, symbolic colors were also used such as white for purity, purple for royalty, dark colors for grief or the underworld. Elaborate, richly decorated robes showed high status, while plain clothing suggested lower class or distress. Accessories like crowns, scepters, or jewelry also helped show rank or divine status. Chorus members wore matching masks and costumes, showing they acted together as a group. Principal characters had unique, more detailed outfits to stand out. Gods and mythical beings were shown as larger-than-life with perfect features or special elements like wreaths or elevated boots. The costumes helped audiences understand the actor’s role.