Algorithm- A step-by-step solution to a problem.

Difference- The amount left after one number is subtracted from another
number.

Distributive Property- The sum of two addends multiplied by a number is the
sum of the product of each addend and the number.

Dividend- A number that is divided by another number.

Divisor- A number by which another number is to be divided.

Factor- When two or more integers are multiplied, each number is a factor of the
product. “To factor” means to write the number or term as a product of its
factors.

Greatest Common Factor- The largest factor that two or more numbers have in
common.

Least Common Multiple- The smallest multiple (other than zero) that two or
more numbers have in common.

Minuend- The number that is to be subtracted from.

Multiple-The product of a given whole number and an integer.

Quotient- A number that is the result of division.

Reciprocal- Two numbers whose product is 1.

Sum- The number you get by adding two or more numbers together.

Subtrahend- The number that is to be subtracted.

Product- A number that is the result of multiplication.

 

(definitions source)